This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

This study compares and standardizes the pharmacognostic evaluation and quality control characteristics of the root, stem, leaf, and fruit of Tribulus terrestris L. Despite its wide use in traditional medicine, the plant lacks scientific validation of its diverse therapeutic applications. This research investigates the phytochemical screening, pharmacognostic potential, microscopic and fluorescence analysis, and identification of therapeutic biomolecules. Morphological and microscopic analyses revealed features such as vermiform trichomes, calcium crystals, xylem fibers, stone cells, starch grains, and stomatal guard cells. Physicochemical evaluations followed WHO guidelines, measuring parameters like ash values, pH, loss on dryness (LOD), extractive values, and foreign organic matter. The root showed the lowest moisture content (3.7±0.38%), while the fruit had the lowest ash value (3.42±0.94%) and acid-insoluble content (0.92±0.84%). Maximum extractive values were observed in aqueous and ethanolic extracts. These physicochemical findings help determine the quality and elemental richness of herbal drugs. Fluorescence and phytochemical analyses confirmed the purity of the drug material. While the study establishes pharmacognostical standards for T. terrestris, further research is needed to explore its bioactive compounds and therapeutic applications, highlighting the potential of this weed as a valuable medicinal resource.